Tributyrin compositions and methods therefor

ABSTRACT

Tributyrin and/or tributyrin derivatives are used to selectively increase the levels of Bifidobacteria in the gut. In preferred methods, the tributyrin and/or tributyrin derivatives are orally administered alone or in combination with a food item or other nutritionally acceptable carrier, and may further include Bifidobacteria. Tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strains are also contemplated that include Bifidobacteria previously cultured in tributyrin and/or tributyrin derivatives.

This application is a divisional application of co-pending USapplication having Ser. No. 16/434,051, which was filed Jun. 6, 2019.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention is tributyrin compositions and methodsthereof for improving gut health, particularly as it relates toenhancement of Bifidobacteria in the gut microbiome.

BACKGROUND

The background description includes information that may be useful inunderstanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any ofthe information provided herein is prior art or relevant to thepresently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically orimplicitly referenced is prior art.

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors an estimated 39 trillionbacterial residents which are commonly referred to as the “gutmicrobiota” or the “gut microbiome.” The specific make-up of thesebacterial residents is reported to be intricately related to health andwellness. Specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota havebeen implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome (Ridaura etal., 2013, Science, 341, (6150)), cardiovascular disease (Tang andHazen, 2014, J. Clin. Invest, 124, 4204-4211), and cancer (Zitvogel etal., 2015, Sci Transl Med, 7, (271)). Accordingly, there is growingappeal for evidence-based nutraceutical strategies targeting theproliferation of healthy “good” microbial species using prebiotics,while simultaneously suppressing the deleterious influence of harmfulpathogens.

Most typically, prebiotics comprise soluble and insoluble dietary fiberoften found in edible plants, and isolated complex compounds such asgalacto-oligosaccharides or fructo-oligosaccharides. Prebiotics areoften effective to increase proliferation of the gut microflora.However, many prebiotics will indiscriminately stimulate growth of avariety of bacterial species and so may actually contribute to a lessthan desirable overall microbiome. Moreover, depending on the type ofprebiotic and gut microflora, fermentative degradation of the prebioticmay lead to significant gastrointestinal upset and flatulence.

While a large number of prebiotics have been widely discussed in guthealth, postbiotics (i.e., the metabolic byproducts that are responsiblefor many of the beneficial effects of probiotic microorganisms) mayprovide more direct and possibly even greater health benefits. Forexample, the postbiotic butyric acid is a short chain fatty acid (SCFA)typically produced by microorganisms in the colon from undigestedportions of fiber (e.g., as found in vegetables). Notably, butyric acidis also a major energy source for the cells lining the colon. However, aconcentrated and effective form of dietary butyric acid is not readilystraightforward because butyric acid is rapidly absorbed in the uppergastrointestinal tract prior to reaching the colon.

To circumvent absorption issues to at least some degree, the sodium saltof butyric acid (sodium butyrate) can be administered as sodium butyrateis a solid and more stable than the free acid. Orally administeredsodium butyrate is able to reach both the small and large intestineswhere it dissociates to butyrate. However, while at least some of thebutyrate will reach the colon, a significant portion of the sodiumbutyrate is metabolized in the small intestine, thereby decreasing theoverall yield of ingested butyric acid. Additionally, the odor of sodiumbutyrate and butyric acid is often considered foul, making voluntaryconsumption and marketing difficult.

In other known nutraceutical strategies to help desirable microbialspecies colonize the intestinal tract, one or more probiotic strains maybe ingested, typically in freeze-dried form. Among other suitableprobiotic strains, various Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species andtheir varieties have been reported beneficial in various aspects.However, most of the probiotic strains that are ingested as a dietarysupplement (e.g., as a capsule with freeze dried bacteria) will onlypoorly colonize the colon. Moreover, even if delivered to the colon,probiotic strains may be outcompeted in the colon by other commensalspecies.

Therefore, even though various pre- and probiotic supplements are knownin the art, various disadvantages nevertheless remain. Therefore, thereis still a need to provide improved compositions and methods to enhancegut health, especially as it relates to enhancement of desirableBifidobacteria in the gut microbiome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The inventive subject matter is drawn to various methods andcompositions for increasing the levels of the probiotic Bifidobacteriain the gut of a mammal, and preferably a human. The various methods andcompositions of the present disclosure include tributyrin-containing aswell as tributyrin-enhanced compositions for selectively increasing thelevels of Bifidobacteria in the gut microbiome of a mammal.Tributyrin-containing compositions include compositions that comprisetributyrin and/or a tributyrin derivative.

In one aspect of the inventive subject matter, the inventors contemplatea method for selectively increasing levels of Bifidobacteria in the gutof a mammal that includes providing a tributyrin-containing compositionat an effective dosage. An effective dosage may include an amount oftributyrin or a tributyrin derivative of or between 50 mg up to 1,000mg. Typically, the amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative isbetween 100 mg up to 500 mg (e.g., 300 mg). Additionally, thetributyrin-containing composition may be processed to mask odor and/ormay include at least one odor-masking component. Example processes andcomponents of odor-masking include dextrin complexation and/or lipidcomplexation. The tributyrin-containing composition may be or mayinclude a tributyrin derivative selected from butyrate mono-ester,butyrate di-ester, beta hydroxybutyrate, monobutyrin, dibutyrin,triacetin, tripropionate, glyceryl monoacetate, glyceryl diacetate, oracetoacetate. In addition to providing a tributyrin-containingcomposition, the method may also include providing at least oneprobiotic microorganism selected from Lactobacillus acidophilus,Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis,Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis,Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. Alternatively or inaddition to the probiotic microorganism, the tributyrin-containingcomposition may also include at least one additive selected fromsuperoxide dismutase (SOD), compositions comprising activators of SOD,foods or extracts thereof comprising bioavailable SOD, copper I (Cu I),selenium (Se), fulvic acid, compositions comprising fulvic acid,Co-enzyme Q₁₀ (ubiquinone), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), anarabinoxylan (AX), an arabinoxylan oligosaccharide (AXOS),xylooligosaccharide (XOS), fructooligosaccharide (FOS),galactooligosaccharide (CROS), inulin, pectin, or combinations thereof.

In another perspective, the inventors also contemplate a method ofincreasing a probiotic benefit of a food item comprising aBifidobacterium strain in which the method includes combining the fooditem with a tributyrin-containing composition (tributyrin or atributyrin derivative as disclosed herein) which is present in the fooditem in an amount that selectively increase the levels of Bifidobacteriain the gut upon ingestion of the food item. Additionally, thetributyrin-containing composition in the food item may be processed tomask odor and/or may include at least one odor-masking component asdisclosed herein. Also, the tributyrin-containing composition mayinclude an amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative of or between50 mg up to 1,000 mg or 100 mg up to 500 mg.

In other aspect of the inventive subject matter, the inventorscontemplate a dietary supplement including a nutritionally acceptablecarrier in combination with a Bifidobacterium strain and furthercomprising tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative as disclosed herein, inwhich the carrier, the Bifidobacterium strain, and the tributyrin or atributyrin derivative are formulated in a single oral dosage form. AnyBifidobacterium strain may be beneficial, and exemplary species includeBifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacteriuminfantis, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. The singleoral dosage form may be a capsule or liquid (e.g., a drink).Additionally, the single oral dosage form may be processed to mask odorand/or may include at least one odor-masking component as disclosedherein. It is also contemplated that the Bifidobacterium strain isfreeze dried. The single oral dosage form may include Bifidobacteria inan amount between 10⁶ and 10¹² CFU/g. As disclosed herein, thetributyrin-containing composition of the single oral dosage may includean amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative of or between 50 mgup to 1,000 mg or 100 mg up to 500 mg.

The inventors further contemplate a composition for increasing levels ofBifidobacteria in the gut of a mammal that includes atributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain which has been grown in aculture medium comprising tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative asdisclosed herein. Any Bifidobacterium strain may be grown in thepresence of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative, and exemplary speciesinclude Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacteriuminfantis, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. Afterculturing, the composition of the tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacteriummay optionally be combined with a tributyrin-containing composition(e.g., tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative). The tributyrin-containingcontaining composition may include tributyrin or a tributyrin derivativein an amount of or between 50 up to 1,000 mg. The tributyrin-enhancedBifidobacterium strain, the tributyrin or the tributyrin derivative inthe culture medium, and/or any tributyrin-containing composition addedmay each individually or collectively be processed to mask odor and/ormay include at least one odor-masking component as disclosed herein.Additionally, the amount of the tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium inthe composition may be of or between 10⁶ and 10¹² CFU/g. The compositionmay also include at least one additional probiotic microorganismselected from Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus gasseri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium breve,or Bifidobacterium longum. The inventors have also contemplated thecomposition including at least one additive selected from superoxidedismutase (SOD), compositions comprising activators of SOD, foods orextracts thereof comprising bioavailable SOD, copper I (Cu I) selenium(Se), fulvic acid, compositions comprising fulvic acid, Co-enzyme Q₁₀(ubiquinone), Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an arabinoxylan (AX), anarabinoxylan oligosaccharide (AXOS), xylooligosaccharide (XOS),fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin,pectin, or combinations thereof.

The inventors also contemplate increasing levels of Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii in the gut of a mammal by administering atributyrin-containing composition to the mammal. The administration maybe ingested in solid or liquid form and the tributyrin-containingcomposition includes tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative. Methods forincreasing levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut of a mammalinclude administering the tributyrin-containing composition to mammalssuffering from (e.g., diagnosed with) irritable bowel syndrome and/orCrohn's disease.

Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become more apparent from the detailed description ofpreferred embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph of the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium before(Pre) and after (Post) a 3-week protocol of 300 mg/daily of tributyrinin three subjects each indicated by a separate line connecting the Preand Post data points.

FIG.2 is a graph of the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium before(Pre) and after (Post) a 3-week protocol of 300 mg/daily of tributyrinin three subjects each indicated by a separate line connecting the Preand Post data points.

FIG. 3 is a graph of the relative abundance of Lachnospira before (Pre)and after (Post) a 3-week protocol of 300 mg/daily of tributyrin inthree subjects each indicated by a separate line connecting the Pre andPost data points.

FIG. 4 is a graph of the collective Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B)ratio in all three of the volunteer subjects before (PRE) and after(POST) a 3-week protocol of 300 mg/daily of tributyrin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have now discovered that compositions including atributyrin or a tributyrin derivative, as well as tributyrin-enhancedcompositions confer an increase in the levels of the probioticBifidobacterium in the colon (large intestine). As used herein, aneffect on the levels of Bifidobacterium may also be referred to as a“bifido effect.”

Tributyrin is a triglyceride and a butyrate ester that may be obtainedby formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyricacid. As used herein, a derivative of tributyrin includes betahydroxybutyrate, monobutyrin, dibutyrin, triacetin, tripropionate,glyceryl monoacetate, glyceryl diacetate, acetoacetate, a butyratemono-ester, and a butyrate di-ester.

The inventors have found that administration of tributyrin confers aremarkable increase in the levels of Bifidobacterium found in the gut(e.g., colon) of a subject. To this end, aspects and embodiments of thepresent invention are directed to methods using and compositions of“tributyrin-containing” compositions and/or “tributyrin-enhanced”compositions, wherein tributyrin-containing compositions include anycomposition having tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative.

As used herein “subject,” “mammal,” or “mammal subject” may be usedinterchangeably to refer to any mammal to which the presently disclosedmethods and compositions may be applied or administered. The mammal mayhave an illness or other disease, but the mammal does not need to besick to benefit from the presently disclosed methods and compositions.The mammal may be in need of improving its gut and/or overall health,but the mammal may also have a generally healthy gut and desire tomaintain or further improve their gut and/or overall health. As such anymammal may consume the disclosed compositions or be a recipient of thedisclosed methods. More typically, a mammal as referred to hereinincludes a human or a domesticated animal. For example, domesticatedanimals include a dog, cat, or any farm animal including horses, cows,sheep, goats, pigs, or chickens.

As used herein, “administering” and like terms refer to the step ofproviding to and includes self-administering. Administering of any ofthe presently disclosed compositions include any mode by which themammal can ingest the composition. Any suitable means of administrationmay be used so long as the composition reaches the colon. Accordingly,the form of the composition may be in any form suitable for ingestion tothe colon.

Contemplated Methods and Compositions

In one exemplary aspect of the inventive subject matter, the inventorscontemplate a method of selectively increasing levels of Bifidobacteriain the gut of a mammal with the administration of atributyrin-containing composition to the mammal at a dosage thatincreases the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria in the gut of themammal.

With reference to FIG. 1, tributyrin was taken by each of threevolunteers for three weeks, after which time the relative abundance ofBifidobacterium was remarkably increased by 8,841%. With reference toFIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the relative abundance (e.g., quantified amounts in astool sample obtained before the three week study compared to quantifiedamounts in a stool sample after the three week study) was also increasedfor Faecalibacterium at 29% (FIG. 2) and Lachnospira at 114% (FIG. 3).However, the unexpected increase of Bifidobacterium indicates atributyrin-containing composition confers a selective and remarkableincrease in Bifidobacteria.

Furthermore, the increase in Faecalibacterium observed in the colonincludes Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, the only known Faecalibacteriaspecies. Accordingly, a method of increasing the relative abundance ofFaecalibacterium prausnitzii in the gut of a mammal includesadministering to the mammal tributyrin, tributryin-containingcompositions, and/or tributryin derivatives in any formulation asdisclosed herein for ingestion. The increase in Faecalibacterium isparticularly advantageous as a low level of this species in the colonhas been associated with irritable bowel disease and Crohns' disease.Accordingly, it is contemplated that administration of tributyrin and/orderivatives thereof will increase Faecalibacterium in the colon and assuch may at least provide symptomatic relief, and in some aspects reduceadverse signs and symptoms of irritable bowel disease and Crohns'disease.

Similarly, a method of increasing the relative abundance of Lachnospirain the gut of a mammal includes administering to the mammal in needthereof tributyrin, tribuytrin-containing compositions, and/ortributyrin derivatives in any formulation as disclosed herein foringestion.

Depending on the particular tributyrin-containing formulation and form,contemplated methods include an administration of at least 50 mg/day oftributyrin or a tributyrin alternative. This amount per day may beadministered at once or in multiple doses. Typically, an effectiveamount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative in thetributyrin-containing composition to be administered at once or inmultiple doses per day is of or between 50 milligrams (mg) to 1,000 mg.The dose or doses may be administered once a day for any period of time.For example, the effective dose may be administered each day for oneday, a few days, multiple days, or on a daily basis indefinitely. Moretypically, the amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative to beadministered each day is of or between 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg.Most typically, the amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative tobe administered each day is 300 mg.

To further enhance the gut health of the mammal, aspects of thecontemplated methods of administering a tributyrin-containingcomposition include administering at least one probiotic microorganismconcomitantly or subsequent to the administration of thetributyrin-containing composition. Any suitable probiotic or multipleprobiotics may be combined with the tributyrin-containing composition.Exemplary probiotics include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacilluscasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillusgasseri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis,Bifidobacterium breve, or Bifidobacterium longum.

Multiple forms and formulations of the tributyrin-containing compositionare contemplated for selectively increasing the Bifidobacteria in thegut. Particularly preferred compositions will be formulated as anutritional or dietary supplement, in a (medical) food item, in animalfeed, or as a pharmaceutical composition in liquid or solid formcomprising the tributyrin-containing composition, and may optionallyalso include a nutritionally or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Forexample, where the composition is in solid form, the compositions may beformulated as a snack bar, yogurt, lozenge, tablet, or capsule, or maybe coated onto cereal products, included in baked goods. On the otherhand, where the supplement is in liquid form, the compositions may beformulated as a tincture, soft gel capsule, liquid capsule, syrup,carbonated drink, a brewed beverage (e.g., as coffee or tea), a juice,an energy drink, a sports drink, or flavored water.Tributyrin-containing compositions may also be formulated for used inpharmaceutical compositions, typically in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier where the tributyrin-containingcomposition is present in an amount to increase levels of Bifidobacteriain the gut. While nutritional and pharmaceutical compositions for humanuse are especially contemplated, it should be appreciated that thetributyrin-containing compositions and formulations may also be employedfor veterinary use (e.g., use in animal feed for domestic companionanimals (‘pets’) or in animal feed for farm animals. In furthercontemplated aspects, the tributyrin-containing composition may also beprovided as a bulk product (e.g., in quantities of equal or greater than100 g, equal or greater than 1,000 g, or equal or greater than 10 kg)for use in production of the nutritional supplement, a (medical) fooditem, animal feed, or pharmaceutical product.

Viewed from another perspective, tributyrin-containing compositions mayalso be added to a food item comprising a Bifidobacterium strain. Theinventors contemplate a method of increasing the probiotic benefit ofthe food item comprising a Bifidobacterium strain by combining or addinga tributyrin-containing composition to the food item. In this way, thetributyrin or tributyrin derivative may be processed by the consumerconcomitantly with the Bifidobacterium strain in the food item therebyenhancing the probiotic effects. As used herein, a food item includesany solid or liquid form of food or drink that may be consumed oringested. As disclosed herein, the amount of the tributyrin-containingcomposition to be added to the food item comprising a Bifidobacteriumstrain may vary depending on the kind and form of the food item.Typically, the amount of the tributyrin-containing composition would bedetermined on an approximate per serving basis of the food item. Moretypically, the amount of the tributyrin-containing composition would beof or between 50 mg to 1,000 mg of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivativeper serving of the food item. Most typically, the amount of thetributyrin-containing composition would be of or between 100, 200, 300,400, or 500 mg of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative per serving ofthe food item.

Contemplated methods and compositions also include a Bifidobacteriumgrown in the presence of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative toproduce a “tributyrin-enhanced” Bifidobacterium. Aspects of this methodinclude the addition of a tributyrin-containing composition to theculture medium of the Bifidobacterium strain during fermentation growth.Harvesting of the tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain may occurat a cell concentration at or between 10⁶ and 10¹² CFU/ml. Afterharvesting, the isolated tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium straincells may be suspended in a culture or the cells may be processed intoan inactivated form (e.g., lyophilized/freeze dried) suitable forincorporation into a capsule or tablet, or as an additive in a food ordrink. Additional aspects include combining the isolatedtributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain in either the live activeculture form or an inactivated form (lyophilized) may be combined withan additional amount of tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative.Typically, the amount of the additional tributyrin or tributyrinderivative is of or between 50 mg to 1,000 mg per 10⁶ and 10¹² CFU/g oftributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain. More typically, the amountof the additional tributyrin or tributyrin derivative is 100, 200, 300,400, or 500 mg per 10⁶ and 10¹² CFU/g of tributyrin-enhancedBifidobacterium strain. Any suitable probiotic Bifidobacterium strainmay be grown in the presence of a tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative.Exemplary Bifidobacterium species include Bifidobacterium lactis,Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacteriumbreve, or Bifidobacterium longum.

Additional aspects of the inventive subject matter may include addingthe tributyrin-containing composition and/or a tributyrin-enhancedcomposition to a food item as disclosed herein. In a particular example,yogurt or a yogurt drink is a product which already contains bacteriaspecies, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcusthermophilus, which are used for fermentation. Accordingly, it iscontemplated that yogurt may be supplemented with atributyrin-containing composition and/or a tributyrin-enhancedBifidobacterium strain for a synbiotic product for gut health.

The inventors also contemplate that any of the presently disclosedtributyrin-containing compositions (e.g., in liquid or solid form or asa nutritional supplement) or tributyrin-enhanced compositions (e.g., alive active or inactive tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain) maybe processed to have a less unpleasant odor, minimal odor, no odor, oran odor that is not unpleasant. To this end, the inventors contemplatethe tributyrin-containing and/or the tributyrin-enhanced compositions ina form that reduces or eliminates the native and unpleasant odor oftributyrin. Methods for eliminating, decreasing, and/or masking odorsare established in the art. Typically, the tributyrin-containing ortributyrin-enhanced compositions as disclosed herein may be mechanicallymicroencapsulation (e.g., lipid encapsulation) and/or complexed withcyclodextrin or maldextrin as described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,098,964.Further suitable protocols are described, for example, in Al-Kasmi etal., 2017, J Control Release, 260, 134-141; Wyspianska et al., 2018,Food Sci Nutr, 7, 805-816; and Zheng et al., 2018, Pharmaceutics, 10(157).

For additive bifido effects and in some cases synergistic bifidoeffects, the presently disclosed tributyrin-containing compositions(e.g., in liquid or solid form or as a nutritional supplement) ortributyrin-enhanced compositions (e.g., a live active or inactivetributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacterium strain) may be combined with one orboth of the prebiotics of arabinoxylan (AX), an arabinoxylanoligosaccharide (AXOS), xylooligosaccharide (XOS), fructooligosaccharide(FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin, and/or pectin. Certainbeneficial effects of these prebiotics have been previously described,e.g., Riviere et al., 2014, App Env Microbio, 80, 204-217 and Pandey etal., 2015, J Food Sci Technol, 52, 7577-7587.

In another aspect of the inventive subject matter, any of the presentlydisclosed tributyrin-containing compositions (e.g., in liquid or solidform or as a nutritional supplement) or tributyrin-enhanced compositions(e.g., a live active or inactive tributyrin-enhanced Bifidobacteriumstrain) may be combined with a health additive to increase the breadthof the health benefits. These health additives may be added in anycombination with the tributyrin-containing compositions ortributyrin-enhanced compositions depending on the form of thecomposition as well as consideration for the desired health effect andproduct cost. Exemplary additives that may be combined withtributyrin-containing compositions or tributyrin-enhanced compositionsinclude superoxide dismutase (SOD), compositions comprising activatorsof SOD, foods or extracts thereof comprising bioavailable SOD (e.g.,sprouted wheat, wheatgrass, encapsulated (lipid and/or proteinencapsulation) cantaloupe, rye, barley, barley grass, broccoli sprouts,kale, brussel sprouts, and curcumin (e.g., turmeric), copper I (Cu I),selenium (Se), fulvic acid, foods or extracts thereof comprising fulvicacid (e.g., potatoes, radishes, beets, carrots, root vegetables,blackstrap molasses, and shilajit), Co-enzyme Q₁₀ (ubiquinone) orpyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ).

With reference to FIG. 4, the collective ratio of firmicutes tobacteroidetes (F/B ratio) was measured in the stool samples of the threevolunteer subjects before and after taking tributyrin daily for threeweeks as described in the Examples. The firmicutes and bacteroidetes areeach a phylum of bacteria making up the largest portion of the human gutmicrobiome. In particular the F/B ratio has been reported to beassociated with metabolic factors and cardiorespiratory fitness. Durk etal., 2018, Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 29, 249-253. Accordingly, theinventors contemplate a method of increasing the F/B ratio in the gut ofa mammal with the administration of a tributyrin-containing compositionto the mammal at a dosage that effectively increases the F/B ratio inthe gut of the mammal. As shown in FIG. 4, the collective F/B ratiosfrom the three volunteers as measured before and after the study,indicated an increase of approximately 50%. Notably, while previousstudies had associated an increased F/B ratio with an increased bodymass index (BMC Microbiol. 2017; 17:120), such increase was deemed atleast in part due to an improved nutrient absorption. As such,contemplated compositions are thought to not only selectively improvegut microflora, but also to enhance nutrient uptake.

EXAMPLES

The inventors recruited three volunteers who were asked to provide somebasic anthropometric characteristics and lifestyle habits. All volunteersubjects (2 female and 1 male) were free of chronic disease and reportednot having taken an antibiotic within the past six months. Body massindex (kg/m²) analysis classified two of the subjects as “overweight”(BMI>25<30), and one as obese (BMI>30). Although activity habits varied,all of the subjects reported weekly participation in light-to-moderatephysical activity, and relatively low caffeine intake (<200 mg/day) andalcohol intake (<3 drinks a week).

Before the start of the 3-week study, stool samples were collected fromeach of the 3 volunteers using the commercially available UBiomeExplorer kit. The collected stool samples were sent to Ubiome labs (SanFrancisco, Calif.) where DNA was extracted followed by 16S rRNA geneamplification for bacterial classification.

The 3-week study involved each of the volunteers taking 300 milligrams(mg) of tributyrin per day for 3 weeks. Subjects were verballyinstructed to maintain usual dietary and physical activity habitsthroughout the course of the study.

At the end of the 3-week period, stool samples were collected followingthe same protocol, and sent for analysis.

The bacterial classification analysis was carried out on the stoolsample collected before study (PRE) and the stool sample collected afterthe study (POST) for each of the 3 volunteers.

FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 are each a graph of the change in relative abundanceof Bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospira, respectively,found in the PRE stool sample and the POST stool sample where each linerepresents the change in amount for each volunteer.

FIG. 4 is a graph of the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/Bratio) in all three of the PRE study stool samples (left white bar) andall three of the POST study stool samples (right black bar).

The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve asa shorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided with respectto certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminatethe full scope of the present disclosure, and does not pose a limitationon the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in thespecification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed elementessential to the practice of the claimed invention.

It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many moremodifications besides those already described are possible withoutdeparting from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subjectmatter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of theappended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification andthe claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possiblemanner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises”and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements,components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that thereferenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized,or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are notexpressly referenced. Where the specification claims refers to at leastone of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . andN, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from thegroup, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of increasing levels of Faecalibacteriumprausnitzii in the gut of a human, the method comprising: administeringa tributyrin-containing composition to the human at a dosage of between50 to 1,000 mg tributyrin or a tributyrin derivative per day; andwherein the tributyrin-containing composition is effective toselectively increase the levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in thegut.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the human suffers from irritablebowel disease and/or Crohn's disease.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe tributyrin-containing composition further comprises at least oneodor-masking component.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dosagealso increases levels of Bifidobacteria in the gut of the human.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the tributyrin derivative is a butyratemono-ester, a butyrate di-ester, beta hydroxybutyrate, monobutyrin,dibutyrin, triacetin, tripropionate, glyceryl monoacetate, glyceryldiacetate, or acetoacetate.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprisingadministering at least one probiotic microorganism selected from thegroup consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus gasseri,Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium breve,and Bifidobacterium longum.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thetributyrin-containing composition further comprises at least oneadditive selected from the group consisting of superoxide dismutase(SOD), compositions comprising activators of SOD, foods or extractsthereof comprising bioavailable SOD, copper I (Cu I), selenium (Se),fulvic acid, compositions comprising fulvic acid, Co-enzyme Q10(ubiquinone), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an arabinoxylan (AX), anarabinoxylan oligosaccharide (AXOS), a xylooligosaccharide (XOS), afructooligosaccharide (FOS), a galactooligosaccharide (GOS), inulin, andpectin.